She provides an analogy of the law abiding female (legitimate) and the criminal female (illegitimate) (Adler, 2002). all the socially responsible scholars to focus on root cause of female turning to criminal activities in larger numbers. Furthermore, it was Smart (1976) that provided the first critique of the absenceofwomen’soffendingwithinmainstream ... vance of boys’ and men’s theories of criminality for offending by girls and women. Later writings on female crime by Thomas, Davis, Pollak and others use more sophisticated methodol-ogies and may proffer more palatable liberal theories. Applying Theories of Female Criminality? Each theory is discussed in depth to provide a thorough critique of whether a woman’s criminality is explained and if that theory holds true. As a consequence of the women’s movement, female offenders and, in particular, female victims of male violence, moved front-and-center in the field of criminology. In criticizing early theories of female criminality, what did Heidensohn suggest? Do gender-neutral or gender-specific theories hold the most explanatory promise? Her theory indicates female criminal activity is based on access and opportunity. It is the view of the feminist school of criminology that a majority of criminological theories were developed through studies on male subjects and focused on male criminality, and that criminologists often would "add women and stir" rather than develop separate theories on female criminality. Adler describes her theory with the utilization of two ladders. Which of the following does NOT characterize early theories of female criminality? 37. The norms and values associated with traditional femininity are not conducive to crime, while the norms and values associated with traditional masculinity are more likely to lead to crime. The authors also tried to shed… The Study of Female Criminality: Its Past and Present Early theories of female criminality usually conceptualized women's criminal behavior as an outcome of their sexuality or of unresolved psychological difficulties. However, before I dive into that, I want to explore the work of Jody Miller and her arguments concerning James Messerschmidt’s work with situated action theory. female criminality. Psychological explanations of crime emerged as psychological theories gained prominence. However, in recent years female criminality has spread into more areas. Scarce attention has been paid to how eco-nomic, social, and political forces pressure women into committing crimes (Klein, 1995, p. 31). Female criminality is one of the important phenomena in popular media and also in academic discourse of contemporary scholastic arena like sociology, criminology, psychology and anthropology. Cesare Lombroso (1895) deemed females on the whole to be undeveloped, and he described female crime by the fact that female criminals were lacking the usual characteristics innate to them and therefore displayed more masculine characteristics. '8 The Bureau of Justice reported that: "For every category of major crime for the period of 1990 to 1996- Labelling theory or British subcultural theory which looks at white working class males did not have much to say about female crime. Lombroso's work on female criminality (1920) is important to consider today despite the fact that his methodology and conclusions have long been successfully discredited. The social environment contributes a lot to the making of women criminals. In predicting future trends of increasing female crime, the Opportunity Theory developed by Cloward and Ohlin is often cited.12 The theory, which Women and Crime 141 . Do biological differences between men and women explain why women commit much less crime than men? We will first review the old theories about female crime like those of Lombroso, Freud, Kingsley Davis, and Otto Pollak before examining the recent ones. Which of the following is NOT one of the grounds on which Heidensohn criticized early theories of female criminality. (Table-01 Chivalry is myth and hidden discourse. Biological Theories explain the higher rates of crime in terms of biological differences between males and females. b. The theories include: Biological, Mertonian Strain, Social Control, and Labeling. d. Women's criminality was masked due to the devious ways in which it takes place. One ladder is employed as clerks in banks so this lead to women committing bank fraud. Table of Contents show What is Feminist Criminology? With respect to the second question, it is argued that several types of strain may lead to female crime under the proper circumstances. Women who did not achieve this developmental would, as adults, continue to rebel against their true female nature by adopting typical male behaviors such as violence and crime. Second, we review the “gender equality hypothesis” as well as several recent developments in theorizing about gender differences in crime. Nevertheless, the research indicates that female criminality is distinct from male criminality. offenders are represented. The main intent of the study is to review the major theories of female criminality such as masculinization, opportunity, marginalization and chivalry. In this chapter we first examine patterns of female offending and the gender gap. context, within these emerging political perspectives, that feminist criminology began to question assumptions and stereotypes concerning women in criminal justice. Many scientist throughout history have debated and tossed around several often seemingly outrageous theories about what it is in the female subconscious that drives them to commit crime, Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychoanalysis, once suggested that females commit crimes as a result of a phenomenon called “penis envy”. The authors also tried to shed light on the acceptability and validity of female GENDER AND CRIME Gender is the single best predictor of criminal behavior: men commit more crime, and women commit less. The third wave of feminism evolved around the late 1980s into the 1990s. c. Women's ability to conceal orgasm gave women practice at deception. Adler, Freda . One cannot read any textbook related to theories of female criminality without encountering at least a brief mention of the criminological pioneer Cesare Lombroso, whose work, in particular 'The Female Offender'[14], made specific mention of female criminals for perhaps the first time. Various theories about crime have been propounded from time to time but only a few among them have dealt with female criminality. Between 1990 and 1996, state courts reported that the number of convicted female defendants grew at 2 1/2 times the rate of increase for male defendants. a. Women had not advanced as far along the evolutionary continuum as males. Some of the factors suggested are: family tensions or ‘under-the-roof culture’ (Gibbons, 1976: 169), self-concept deficiencies and perceptions of lack of opportunity (Datesman et al., 1975: 107), excessive weight or other physical problems (Cowie et al., 1982). Female offenders remain invisible in classical criminology as well as in subcultural or control theories in contrast with early biological theories. Female criminality has been theoretically stated as complicated; less understood and subject to easy control. Applying Theories of Female Criminality? Explaining lower female crime rates: biological theories. There is several literature of female criminality where female delinquency is described in different perspective and the cause of female criminality is discussed. These theories emphasized physiological and psychological explanations to understand female criminality rather than social factors; particular emphasis was placed on stereotypical assumptions of women and sexuality. “[U]p to the mid-nineteenth century the predominant approach to female criminality was moralistic. Applying Theories of Female Criminality The paper will reference the Seabrook Dissertation Chapter 2 & "An Exploration of the Violent Victim Experiences of Female Offenders" to address the following hypothetical situation: devise a program or a plan for a women's shelter to … This biological theory of female criminal behaviour being of sexual deviance is the most traditional and still commonly thought in relation to female crime, the main being prostitution. At the same time, major sociological explanations of crime (differential association, anomie, social disorganization) were emphasizing social and cultural factors that could account for female as well as male criminality. Another feminist theory that addresses female criminality is Women’s Liberation/Emancipation. Lombroso and the origins of modern criminology. The changing nature of female’s roles in capitalist system instigate female more to involve in violent and property crimes. This wave of Relying on qualitative data, Miller highlights how female gang members navigate risk within and outside of their gangs, establishing that some behaviors (i.e., abstaining from criminal activity) may be protective against violence from rival gangs while simultaneously placing females at risk of victimization by their fellow gang members. Comparisons between different theories of Female Criminality Theory Major Proponents and Works Major Premise Strengths Weakness Masculinization theory Freda Adler: Sister in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminals (1975) Criminalities of women are mainly depended on the masculinity behavior of female. The main intent of the study is to review the major theories of female criminality such as … In this area, GST has much in common with numerous accounts that explain female crime in terms of oppression. Key to this is the gendered pathways to crime approach, which I will explore below. "Opportunity theory" theory of female criminality is developed by Rita J. Simon (1975) in the book Women and Crime. Adler’s theory strongly rejected determinism astherootcauseoffemalebehavior.Instead,this work indicated that like males, females behave rationally and that sociological, political, and economic factors are important considerations when examining criminal behavior. Rationale She emphasized the descriptions of different dimensions of female criminality, that is-type, nature and also the corrective role of jail and court in this regard. Applying Theories of Female Criminality The paper will reference the Seabrook Dissertation Chapter 2 & "An Exploration of the Violent Victim Experiences of Female Offenders" to address the following hypothetical situation: devise a program or a plan for a women's shelter to … Feminist Theory of Violence 47 wide range of offenses at an unprecedented rate. The changing nature of female’s roles in capitalist system instigate female more to involve in violent and property crimes. In criminological research and its related literature there are four theoretical traditions of female criminality and its causation: (i) Masculinity Theories, (ii) Opportunity theories, (iii) Marginalization theories, and (iv) Chivalry theory (Islam and Khatun:2013). Applying Theories of Female Criminality 861 Words | 3 Pages. Sex Role Theory explains gendered differences in offending in terms of the differences in gender socialization, gender roles and gendered identities. The feminist school of criminology emphasizes that the social roles of women are different from the roles of men, leading to different pathways toward deviance, crime, and victimization that are overlooked by other criminological theories. Applying Theories of Female Criminality 861 Words | 3 Pages. was developed to explain youth gang behavior, is an application of anomie theory and holds that lower class youths are … Theories into explanations of human behaviour are extremely gender specific, focusing on male criminality and male behaviour and these theories cannot be applied when something out of the norm occurs, such as female offending (Smart 1976:181). In fact it has risen so much so that in some crimes females where found to outnumber men. The universality of this fact is really quite remarkable, even though many tend to take it for granted. Women´s crimes not only broke the criminal law but were viewed as acts of deviance from the ´norm´ of femininity.” According to Adler (1975) and Simon (1975), women have lacked opportunities to break the law, and if given such opportunities, they would act just like men (as cited in DeKeseredy, 2000, p. 80). Lombroso (1920) offered a biological explanation for female criminality. If existing theories for males were not relevant for females, This included women as professionals as well as women as offenders and victims. Described as the father of modern criminology, Cesare Lombroso's theory of the 'born criminal' dominated thinking about criminal behaviour in the late 19th and early 20th century. 1975. However, to vary- Biological theories (Cesare Lombroso, 1903) The most investigated "difference" between the sexes was biological. Try 6 issues of BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed for only £9.99. Women criminals were judged against a highly artificial notion of the ideal woman – an exemplary moral being. This distinction holds throughout history, for all societies, for all groups, and for nearly every crime category. While sig-nificant research, Alder argues that her theory Could we examine ‘adult female crime’ in terms of factors offered for explaining ‘delinquency in young or adolescent girls’? Previously, female offenders were an object of curiosity, often understood and treated as an aberration to their sex. They lent intellectual respectability to folk tales about women and their behaviours. Female socialization, traditional female roles… This competition is now closed. Traditional theories of female crime dichotomized women into “either-or” roles in terms of sexuality. Beginning with the biological theory of Lombroso (1898), elaborated in the psychological theory of Freud (1905, 1931, 1933), and modernized in the contemporary theory that women‟s liberation causes female crime, a theoretical perspective has developed which claim that female crime is product of the masculinization of female behavior. theories of female criminality such as masculinization, opportunity, marginalization and chivalry.
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